Hundred Years War Timeline 1361

1361
1361		Plague reappears in England and France.
1361		A truce is signed between Pedro I (the Cruel) of Castile and Pedro IV (the Ceremonious) of Aragon. Enrique de Trastamara, Pedro I's illegitimate brother, is expelled from Aragon, and crosses into Languedoc with his band of men.
1361		Blanche de Bourbon, wife of King Pedro I (the Cruel) of Castile and sister-in-law to King Charles V of France, dies in Medina Sidonia, under suspicious circumstances, (allegedly, though this is according to later propaganda on the part of Enrique de Trastamara and his French allies, at the hands of Pedro I's Jewish advisors, and at the instigation of his Jewish concubine). This marks a low point in Franco-Castillian relations, as Pedro has continually insulted Blanche, by living openly with his mistress, and keeping her virtually a prisoner at Medina Sedonia, and also quarreling with the French government over her unpaid dowry.
1361	November	King Jean II dismisses Charles of Navarre's claims to the duchy of Burgundy, and annexes the duchy, provoking Charles once again to make war.
1361	January	Petrarch visits King Jean II on an embassy from Galeazzo Visconti. He writes a report of the shocking and dismal condition of France.
1361	21 September	Phillipe de Rouviers, Duc de Bourgogne, dies without an heir.
1362
1362		King Jean II attempts to deal with the brigand companies. He hires the Archpriest Arnaut de Cervole and dispatches him with a small royal army led by the Comte de Tancarville and the Comte de la Marche.
1362		King Pedro I of Castile signs a alliance with King Edward III of England.
1362	8 February	Edward III empowers two emissaries to negotiate a marriage between Margaret of Flanders, the 12 year old widow of Phillipe de Rouviers, Duc de Bourgogne, and his son Edmund Langley, earl of Cambridge.
1362	6 April	Against the advice of de Cervole de Tancarville and de la Marche storm the height at Brignas, near Lyon in Burgundy. [Froissart's Chronicle image (15thc. BNF, FR 2643)] They are thoroughly defeated by the brigands, and three royal kinsmen from the Bourbon branch of the family are taken prisoner, along with many other nobles. The companies continue to pillage the countryside unchecked.
1362		Jean II goes to Avignon, to discuss a crusade.
1362	June	The truce between Aragon and Castile is broken. Enrique de Trastamara gathers mercenary Companies in the comté of Foix, and waits for money from the French government before crossing into Aragon.
1362	22 June	Edward III formally emancipates Jean de Montfort and gives him responsibility for the Duchy of Brittany. Jean de Montfort returns to Brittany
1362	July	Jean II returns to Paris to find that the Dauphin and the Council have disallowed parts of the treaty on the grounds that it gave away too much, and that the Duc d'Anjou has broken his parole and fled. Coupled with the arrears in payment of the ransom, Jean feels his honor in disrepute, and concludes, bafflingly, that he must return to captivity in England. [Grandes Chroniques Image (14thc. BNF, FR 2813)].
1362	August	The Companies assembled in Foix, as yet unpaid by the French government, begin to disperse and seek employment elsewhere.
1362	12 September	Pope Innocent VI dies.
1362	23 September	Negotiations between the de Montfort and de Penthièvre parties attempting to end the civil war in Brittany break down, having only achieved an extension of the truce.
1362	28 September	Guillaume de Grimoard is elected Pope and enthroned as Urban V
1362	5 December	Battle of Launac. The ancient feud between the houses of Foix and Argmanac comes to blows again, both armies swelled by mercenaries dispersing from Enrique de Trastamara's encampment. Gaston, Comte de Foix defeats his old rival Jean d'Armagnac, and becomes one of the richest and most powerful magnates in the south of France.
1363
1363		Bertrand du Guesclin is appointed Captain-General of Normandy by King Jean II.
1363	27 June	Jean le Bon appoints Philippe le Hardi, duc de Touraine lieutenant-general in the Duchy of Burgundy.
1363	July	Truce of Evran: The de Montfort and de Penthièvre parties agree to another truce, and to appear before the Prince of Wales at Poitiers. The proposed settlement is that the Duchy of Brittany be split, and both contenders allowed to use the title of Duke.
1363	September	Embassies of the de Montfort and de Penthièvre parties meet in Poitiers and arrange for a meeting between Jean IV de Montfort and Charles de Blois.
1363	6 September	Jean le Bon secretly invests Philippe le Hardi, duc de Touraine and his heirs with the Duchy of Burgundy, along with all royal rights exept fealty and homage, and is made without the usual condition that the fief should escheat to the crown in the lack of male heirs, and creates him First Peer of the Realm. Phillipe surrenders the Duchy of Touraine back to the Crown.
1363	Winter	Bertrand du Gusclin marries Tiphane de Dinan, daughter of Jeanne de Dinan, Viscomptesse de La Bellière.
1364
1364	January	Jean II arrives in London.
1364	February	Jean de Montfort and Charles de Blois meet at Poitiers. de Montfort is pressing for the ratification of the plan proposed at Evran, the splitting of the Duchy, but de Blois refuses to speak to him directly, and rejects the proposed settlement.
1364		Pope Urban V issues two Bulls of Excommunication, Cogit Nos and Miserabilis Nonullorum prohibiting dealings with the brigand companies in France, and offering a plenary indulgence to any who die fighting them. The companies don't seem to notice.
1364	March	Jean II falls ill of an unknown malady.
1364	4 March	The Scots Parliament refuses to recognize Edward III as King of Scotland.
1364	8 April	Bertrand du Guesclin and the Marshal Boucicaut take Mantes by a ruse. Posing as grape harvesters, they surprise the defenders and capture the town.
1364	9 April	King Jean II of france dies in England. Edward gives him a magnificent funeral and returns the body to France for burial at St. Denis.[Grandes Chroniques Image (14thc. BNF, FR 2813)] [Froissart's Chronicle image (15thc. BNF, FR 2643)]
1364	11 April	Du Guesclin and Boucicaut invest Melun for siege. It falls rapidly, as does Rollebois, their next target.
1364	24 April	Bertrand du Guesclin is granted the property of 24 of the burghers of Mantes, who were found to have supported Charles of Navarre.
1364	May	Bertrand du Guesclin and his army search for the Captal de Buch in Normandy.
1364	14 (?) May	Bertrand du Guesclin crosses the Seine at Pont-de-l'Arche, and holds a review to address his troops.
1364	15 May	The Captal de Buch meets an English herald, le roi Faucon, who has just left the French army, and who tells the Captal of it's size and position.
1364	16 May	The Captal de Buch takes his position on a ridge above Cocherel plain. Du Guesclin, on the fields below, dismounts his troops and waits.
1364	17 May	Bertrand du Guesclin begins a withdrawal across the bridge on the Eure. This is possibly strategic, or possible real, as the French were low on supplies. Froissart says it was strategic. Either way, the Captal de Buch cannot control his troops sufficiently, and John Jowel, an english captain who had recently lost the castle of Rolleboise to du Guesclin, charges down the hill, leading the Anglo-Navarrese right wing to attack the Comte d'Auxerre's retreating batallion. The French turn to fight, and the Captal de Buch comes down off the hill. The battle remains uncertain until the Breton reserves, under Eustache de la Houssaye, turn the left flank of the Captal's army, thus winning battle of Cocherel, defeating the forces of Charles of Navarre and ending his threat to Paris. [Froissart's Chronicle image (15thc. BNF, FR 2643)] The Bastard of Mareuil is killed in the battle, and the foolhardy John Jowel dies of his wounds while in captivity. The Captal de Buch is taken captive, but released without ransom in the hopes of winning him over to the French side. He comes over, and is granted large revenues by King Charles. Du Guesclin trades the Captal and the Sire de Sacquainville for the Comté de Longueville, and thus does quite well out of the battle.
1364	20 May	The Dauphin Charles is crowned King Charles V at Rhiems [Grandes Chroniques Image (14thc. BNF, FR 2813)] along with his Queen, Jeanne de Bourbon [Grandes Chroniques Image (14thc. BNF, FR 2813)] [Froissart's Chronicle image (15thc. BNF, FR 2643)]
1364	2 June	Following lengthy negotiations after the death of Jean le Bon and the coronation of Charles V, letters are published confirming Philippe the Bold's title as duke of Burgundy. His lieutenancy is extended to cover Lyons, Macon, Autun, Chalon and Langres. In return P agrees to surrender to Charles the document investing him with the County of Burgundy, and to permit him to levy the same taxes in Burgundy as in the rest of France. Neither of these concessions was actually significant however, as Philippe wouldn't have been able to inherit the county until the death of Margaret of Artois, and the taxes that Charles raised in Burgundy he turned over to Philippe.
1364	Late summer	On orders from King Charles V, Philippe the Bold, duke of Burgundy lays siege to and captures a series of castles near Chartres. He was, according to a contemporary chronicler, often the first in the assault, brash and daring.
1364	End of August	Again on orders from King Charles Philippe the Bold, duke of Burgundy, is sent to capture a castle near Rouen which is being held by the Navarrese.
1364	September	Philippe the Bold, duke of Burgundy raises the siege of the Navarrese castle and moves to lay siege to La Charite-sur-Loire, which was being used by Navarrese/English brigand companies as a base for raiding the surrounding countryside.
1364	29 September	Charles de Blois looses the battle of Auray, and his life, in Brittany. [Froissart's Chronicle image (15thc. BNF, FR 2643)] Bertrand du Guesclin, fighting for de Blois, is taken captive, and Olivier de Clisson, fighting for de Montfort and the English troops under Chandos, looses his eye.
1364	16 October	An agreement is signed between Edward III and Louis de Male, Comte de Flandres arranging for the marriage of Edmund and Margaret. Edward agrees to turn Calais and Ponthieu over to Edmund, and to pay 175,000 lt. to Louis de Male. The only question left open is the issue of consanguinity between the two, which will require a papal dispensation.
1365
1365		Charles V invites Thomas de Pisan, a Doctor of Astrology at the University of Bologna, to come to his court, and keeps him on at a salary of 100 francs a month.
1365		A joint tourney between the chivalry of Burgundy and Savoy is planned, but banned by pope Urban V.
1365	January	Philippe the Bold, duke of Burgundy takes Nogent-sur-Seine, which has been being used by English brigand companies as a base in Champagne.
1365	16 January	Pope Urban V, a staunch Frenchman, writes to Edward III refusing to grant a dispensation for the marriage of Edmund Langley and Margaret de Male.
1365	April	Treaty of Gu�rande: Jean de Montfort, the English claimant, becomes Duc de Bretagne, though in accordance with the treaty of Bretigny it remains a fief of France. Jeanne de Penthièvre keeps the county of Penthièvre and the viscounty of Limoges. She agrees to render homage and recognize Jean IV as Duke. He agrees to pay her 10,000 lt. a year, and to try to negotiate the return of Jeanne's two sons, held hostage in England.
1365	May	King Charles V pays Bertrand du Guesclin's ransom of 40,000 florins.
1365	12 June	King Edward bans the playing of football in London, orders archery practice instead.
1365	Whitsunday	Emperor Charles IV, interested in repelling the Turks from the eastern sections of the Empire, and Urban V, interested in repelling the brigand companies from France, call for a crusade in Hungary. This is to be led by Arnaut de Cervole, a brigand himself.
1365	Summer	Those brigand companies that have decided to go begin moving to a rendezvous in Lorraine. Their reputation is such however that they are met with resistance by the citizens of Strasbourg, who refuse to let them cross the Rhine bridge. The Emperor is forced by his citizens to block them with his army, and the companies return to France after having been gone for only a month.
1365	27 July	Engurrand de Coucy and Isabella Plantagenet are married at Windsor.
1365	August	Bertrand du Guesclin contracts to lead the Companies out of France, in recognition of the debt he owes King Charles V. He pledges his county of Longueville as surety for the completion of the task.
1365	September	The Companies, under the leadership of Bertrand du Guesclin,begin moving through the Rhône valley, towards what is being billed as a crusade against the Moors of Grenada. Pedro IV of Castile pledges ships for the enterprise, and conquests are to be carried out by Bertrand du Guesclin, who is to have the whole of the Kingdom of Granada, and Hugh Caveley, who is to have all the overseas conquests.
1365	30 October	Pope Urban V, remaining firm in the face of Edward III's repeated requests for a dispensation, orders the archbishops of Rheims and Canterbury to forbid the marriage of Edmund Langley and Marguerite de Male.
1365	29 November	Bertrand du Guesclin and the Companies pass through Montpellier.
1365		Bertrand du Guesclin and Marshal d'Audrehem, having charmingly extorted 200,000 francs and a blessing and absolution for all the 'crusaders' from the Pope, takes the brigand Companies and marches for Aragon.
1365	Chritmastide	Bertrand du Guesclin, Marshal d'Audrehem, Louis de Châlon (the Green Knight), Hugh Calveley and the principal captains of the 'crusade' arrive in Barcelona, and are lavishly entertained by King Pedro IV of Aragon.
1366
1366		Philippe, duc de Bourgogne's powers as royal lieutenant of Lyon are extended to cover all of Champagne.
1366	20 or 21 January	Bertrand du Guesclin and the Companies depart Barcelona, marching towards Borja, which Pedro IV of Aragon has given to Bertrand, along with Elda and Novelda, (along with a payment of 100,000 florins) as an incentive to get them to leave. These fiefs are in the territories disputed between Pedro IV of Aragon and Pedro I of Castile, and thus must be taken by their new master before they can be enjoyed. A somewhat relieved Pedro IV leaves Barcelona for Tarragona.
1366	6 February	King Pedro IV of Aragon leaves Tarragona and travels to Saragossa to raise money for the 'crusade'.
1366	5 March	Enrique de Trastamara is allowed to sell his fiefs in Aragon, raising the sum of 70,000 florins.
1366	16 March	Enrique de Trastamara holds a war council in Calahorra, where du Guesclin and Hugh Calveley convince him that the lack of opposition means that the kingdom of Castile is undefended and the throne is therefore vacant. This ingenuous logic is taken up by the remainder of Enrique's followers, who proclaim him King of Castile on the spot. The reality is that many of Pedro's best troops were in Valencia, garrisoning the towns recently taken from Pedro IV of Aragon, and that Pedro had aroused such hatred against himself that most of his nobles were not to be trusted to be loyal to him.
1366	26(?) March	Briviesca, 15 miles from the Castilian capital of Burgos, refuses to surrender to Enrique and is violently stormed and taken by force, and the knight in charge of it's defense, one Men Rodriguez de Senabri, taken captive while fighting at the barrier. The Jews of the city mount a vigorous defense against the assault of Hugh Calveley, and are later burned alive in a tower to which they have retreated.
1366	28 March	King Pedro I of Castile receives news of the fall of Briviesca from two burghers of that city who have managed to escape. He flys into a rage and, accusing them of being traitors who have sold the city to the enemy, hangs them. He then flees the the city with his Moorish bodyguard, supposedly to block the road to Seville, where his treasure is kept, despite the pleadings of the notables of Burgos for him to stay and fight. Before going releases the burghers of Burgos from their fealty to him, so that if they must surrender the city they will not be regarded as traitors to him.
1366	May	King Charles V ratifies the treaty of Gu�rande.
1366		Jeanne de Penthièvre arranges to make annual payments of 7,000 livres tournois to Jean Goldbêtre, a moneylender from Bruges, as repayment of her massive war debts. This loan is secured in part by pledging the viscounty of Limoges.
1366		Engurrand and Isabella return to England.
1366		The burghers of Burgos agree amongst themselves to receive Enrique as their King. [Grandes Chroniques Image (14thc. BNF, FR 2813)] The objection to placing a bastard on the throne is explained away by the Bishop of Burgos, who says that, since the late King Alfonso had dearly loved Enrique's mother, God must surely have blessed their union and that is was thus legitimate. A solemn procession, with the clergy singing Te Deum Laudamus and the eight burghers bearing the keys to the eight gates of the city meets Enrique and his allies on the road from Briviesca.
1366	5 May	Enrique de Trastamara is crowned King Enrique II of Castile at the convent of Las Huelgas in Burgos. He extorts a million maravedis from the Jews of Burgos to pay the common soldiers, and distributes estates to the captains. Hugh Calveley is made count of Carrión, and Bertrand du Guesclin is made cuke of Trastamara (despite it technically belonging to Pedro IV of Aragon) and hailed as king of Granada. King Enrique convinces du Guesclin, Calveley and the other captains to put off their crusade and help him retake the rest of the kingdom.
1366	11 May	Engurrand de Coucy is named Earl of Bedford, with an income of 300 marks a year.
1366	Early-mid May	Pedro the Cruel, having garrisoned Toledo for it's defense, once again flees. The garrison argues amongst itself as to whether to accept Enrique, until the commander is bought off with a couple of hereditary fiefs and 50,000 maravedis worth of land. Enrique spends to weeks in Toledo, again raising money from the Jews, and receiving the homage of delegates from various other cities (Avila, Segovia, Madrid, Cuenca, Villa Real and others).
1366	Late May	With Enrique and du Guesclin approaching Córdoba Pedro, at the suggestion of his loyal kinsman Fernando de Castro, sends two burghers of Córdoba to Enrique with a peace proposal, offering to partition the kingdom, and pay du Guesclin off with 100,000 pounds. Enrique, reasonably skeptical, replies that he would need hostages to ensure Pedro's good faith, and names Pedro's daughter, Fernando de Castro and two Jews of Pedro's household, Elÿos and Turquant, who are supposedly responsible for Blanche de Bourbon's death. The names hostages will have nothing to do with it. Fernendo departs to Galacia, without even taking leave of Pedro, and Elÿos and Turquant likewise flee, they to Seville. The negotiations thus come to naught.
1366	End of May	Enrique II and Bertrand du Guesclin advance on Seville, and Pedro to flee once more, forced from Seville when the people begin to riot in the streets. He goes to Portugal with part of his treasure (the bulk of which, thirty-six hundredweights of gold and many jewels, is taken by the Genoese admiral Gil Bocanegra and returned to Enrique), where he is received coldly by his uncle (also Pedro I). He moves from there to Galacia, which was which was being held for him by the still loyal Fernando de Castro. There he has the Archbishop of Santiago de Compostella killed because he suspects him of favoring Enrique.
1366	Midsummer	In response to an invitation from Edward, Prince of Wales, and at the advice of his few remaining loyalists, Pedro commandeers all the ships to be found along the coast of Galacia, and departs from La Coruña with his daughters and what's left of his treasure, bound for Bayonne.
1366		King Enrique II reorganizes his forces, paying off and dismissing many of the Companies, though retaining Bertrand du Guesclin and Hugh Calveley.
1366	End of the Summer	King Enrique II moves against Fernando de Castro, besieging him in the walled town of Lugo, described as the strongest in Galacia. With him are his brother Don Alfonso, count of Denia, and the Prior of San Juan.
1366	November 1	Enrique II, having failed in the siege of Logo, returns to Burgos, having negotiated with Fernando de Castro his surrender, along with Lugo and all other castles and towns he may hold should Pedro not come to his aid by Easter of 1367. An additional clause says that should Fernando choose to surrender sooner he would be confirmed in all his titles and honors.
1366	23 September	A treaty is signed at Linbourne between Edward, Prince of Wales, Pedro the Cruel, erstwhile King of Castile, and Charles II, King of Navarre. Pedro pledges 500,000 florins and the fief of Biscay to the Prince of Wales in return for his help recovering his throne in Castile. In return for free passage through the pass at Roncesvalles for the Prince's army Charles is promised the province of Guipuzcoa, and the cities of Vitoria, Logroño, Calahorra and Alfaro. Pedro also promises substantial payments to the Prince's followers.
1366	Late summer	Edward, Prince of Wales, offering both incentives in the form of lucrative contracts, reminders of feudal duties owed, and threats of confiscations of English holdings, recalls his English and Gascon vassals, and the English companies from Castile. Sir John Chandos is dispatched to track them down and bring them back across the Pyrénées. Enrique II, with great chivalry, and making a virtue of necessity, lets them go, saying that it was right for the Englishmen and Gascons to obey their natural lord. The principal Anglo-Gascon captains of the erstwhile crusade depart, among them Hugh Calveley, John Devereaux, Eustache d'Aubrechicourt, Mattew Gournay and Walter Hewet.
1366	November	The Cortes of Castile convene in Burgos, recognizing Enrique II's son as heir to the throne and granting him an excise tax of one sixth of all goods sold in Castile.
1366	December	Jean IV de Montfort does Homage to Charles V for the Duchy of Brittany.
1367
1367	6 January	Joan, the Fair Maid of Kent, wife of Edward, Prince of Wales, bears him a son, named Richard, at Bordeaux. This is the future Richard II.
1367	3 April	Blanche of Lancaster, wife of John of Gaunt, gives birth to a son, at Bolingbroke Castle, in Lincolnshire. This is Henry Bolingbroke, the future Henry IV.
1367	January	Edward, Prince of Wales, assembles an army at Dax, including such luminaries as the count d'Armagnac, the sire d'Albret, the earl of Pembroke, John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster and the king of Majorca. The Captal de Buch is there, as well as Olivier de Clisson, and the recently released Company captains Hugh Calveley, Matthew Gournay,and others. Gaston, count of Foix also shows up, but leaves again, leaving behind a token contingent to fulfill his feudal duties to the Prince.
1367		King Enrique II of Castile meets with king Charles II of Navarre. In return for the cession of the city of Logroño to Navarre Charles swears that he will not allow Prince Edward's army through the pass at Roncesvalles, that he would defend it in person if need be, and do whatever was needed to help Enrique. Returning to Peyrehorade, in Gascony, and seeing the size of Prince Edward's host, he once again promises them passage through the pass, and that he will be personally at their side in battle.
1367	15 February	Edward, prince of Wales, begins to bring his host over the Pyrénées. The force is so large that it takes three days for all of them to cross, amongst great hardship.
1367	20 February	Edward, prince of Wales arrives in Pamplona.
1367	Late March	Prince Edward crosses the Ebro river at Logroño, and enters Castile.
1367	3 April	The battle of Najera. Against the advice of Bertrand du Guesclin and Marshal d'Audrehem, king Enrique II gives battle to Pedro and prince Edward. Bertrand du Guesclin was in the van, with the Marshal Arnould d'Audrehem and his nephew Jehan de Neufville, the count of Denia and all his Breton and Norman troops. To his left was king Enrique's brother, Don Tello with a large body of cavalry, and to the right the main body of troops under King Enrique, including the crossbowmen and the infantry. The fighting continues until Don Tello's cavalry is routed, at which point the remaining divisions are separated and surrounded by enemy troops. Bertrand's division, beset by by the duke of Lancaster, Sir John Chandos, the Captal de Buch and Olivier de Clisson, is the last to surrender. The result is an overwhelming defeat for Enrique, who is forced to flee. Don Pedro is restored to the throne, and du Guesclin is taken prisoner by an English knight, Thomas Cheyne. [Froissart's Chronicle image (15thc. BNF, FR 2643)] On the positive side, the brigand companies are devastated, and France has some relief, until Prince Edward releases his Anglo-Gascon troops.
1367	5 April	King Pedro I takes a small party and rides to Burgos, which surrenders to him without a fight, and receives him in with the customary solemnities.
1367	Wednesday of Holy Week, 14(?) April	Prince Edward joins king Pedro I in Burgos, with the army. The victors remain there for a month, Pedro receiving homage from various cities and nobles of the realm, and Edward presiding over a court of judgments of arms'. Pedro recants his promise of a general pardon, however, and orders a number of executions, including that of admiral Gil Bocanegra, and procrastinating on the payment of the large sums of money owed to Prince Edward and his supporters.
1367	May	Pope Urban V sails from Marsellies to Rome, taking the papacy back to Rome.
1367	2 May	King Pedro I signs a treaty with prince Edward again promising to pay his debts, and then leaves for Seville, there, he says, to collect the money. He promises to meet the prince in Valladolid. The English go there, and wait in vain.
1367		Enrique, having made his escape to France, is given the castle of Peyrepertuse, in the eastern Pyrénées, from which he conducts raids on the borders of the Aquitane, and especially Bigorre, where he captures the town of Bagnères.
1367	24 June	Prince Edward sends two knights to king Pedro I to remind him of his debts. king Pedro responds saying he cannot collect the money while the Companies are still in Castile, as they kept waylaying his treasurers who were collecting the money, and saying that if the Prince will remove himself and the Companies to Aquitaine or Navarre he will send the money there once it is collected. Prince Edward returns to Bordeaux, sending du Guesclin to captivity in the castle of Condat, near Linbourne.
1367	September	Enrique re-crosses the Pyrénées from Bagnères with 400 lances. He is soon joined by his supporters in Calahorra.
1367	17 December	Bertrand du Guesclin signs a promissory note to king Charles V for 100,000 gold doubles, the amount of his ransom from Najera.
1367	27 December	Bertrand du Guesclin gives Edward, prince of Wales a promissory note for his ransom, with king Charles V of France, Jeanne de Penthièvre, and the Damme de Laval as guarantors.
1368
1368	26 January	As had been feared, King Pedro defaults on his debts. Prince Edward convenes the Estates of Aquitaine, and is granted a hearth tax of ten sols per hearth, to be levied for five years. The Gascons, under the leadership of Jean I d'Armagnac, oppose this. Jean refuses to permit the collection of the tax, and appeals to King Charles V for redress.
1368		The Franciscan monks at the abbey of Guingamp, where Charles of Blois is buried, begin circulating reports of miracles. Jean IV, duke of Brittany, not wanting to be known as the persecutor of a holy man, complains to the Pope, who orders the monks to stop.
1368		Jeanne de Penthièvre falls behind on her payments to Jean Goldbêtre, mostly due to the fact that Jean IV, duke of Brittany fails to make his payments to her. Prince Edward orders Limoges seized and sold to repay the debt to Goldbêtre. This order begins a series of hearings by Prince Edwards Senechal of Limosin, Thomas de Roos.
1368		Emperor Charles IV comes to Rome to meet with Pope Urban V regarding an alliance against the Visconti.
1368	7 February	Bertrand du Guesclin passes through Montpelier on his way to serve with the duke of Anjou in Provence.
1368	4 March	Louis d'Anjou invests Tarascon for siege.
1368	April	Lionel, Duke of Clarence, is in Paris on his way to Milan to marry Violante Visconti. He is entertained regally. Amadeus of Savoy is also present at the celebrations.
1368	Second half of April	Louis d'Anjou's forces blockade Arles, though the effort is quickly dropped.
1368	22 May	Tarascon surrenders to Louis d'Anjou.
1368	May - June	Bertrand du Guesclin and the Companies raid deeper into Provence, reaching as far as Aix and Draguignan. Despite an agreement to leave the Comtat Venaissen alone in return for a payment of 37,000 florins they extend their raids into the Papal holdings.
1368	June	Lionel Plantagenet and Violante Visconti are married in a resplendent ceremony, which includes a feast where all the meats are gilded.
1368	June	Following a meeting of princes, prelates and royal officers King Charles V agrees to hear the grievances of the Comtes d'Armagnac and Périgord, and the Sire d'Albret.
1368	1 September	Bertrand du Guesclin and the other captains raiding in the Papal holdings are excommunicated.
1368	October	Lionel, Duke of Clarence, dies in Italy of an undiagnosed fever.
1368	Mid-November	King Charles summons Prince Edward to Paris to answer the complaints against him by the lords of Gascony. Edward assures him that he will come "with helmet on our head and 60,000 men in our company".
1368	December	Prince Edward orders the Viscounty of Limoges sold to Robert Knolles, for the debt owed by Jeanne de Penthièvre. Olivier IV de Clisson steps in and pays the debt.
1369
1369		Philippe the Bold, duke of Burgundy, is made royal lieutenant in Picardy.
1369		King Charles dispatches du Guesclin to Castille in support of Don Enrique, to put an ally back on the throne. At the Battle of Montiel, near Toledo, in March, King Pedro is defeated. [Froissart's Chronicle image (15thc. BNF, FR 2643)] Pedro is captured [Froissart's Chronicle image] and executed [Grandes Chroniques Image (14thc. BNF, FR 2813)] by Enrique, who is put back on the throne.
1369		Charles V asks Pope Urban V to open an inquiry into the purported miracles at the burial site of Charles of Blois. Reversing his earlier position, Urban orders the inquiry made.
1369	April	King Charles launches an effort to revive the French fleet, which had fallen into disrepair since the 1330s, and spends several months in the Rouen region overseeing the project.
1369	2 May	King Charles V and representatives of the lords of the Aquitaine await Prince Edward in Paris. The Prince does not show. King Charles waits a week, then accepts the grievances of the Gascon lords.
1369	May	King Charles V declares the Treaty of Bretigny void, and declares war on England.
1369		Geoffrey Chaucer finishes The Book of the Duchess dedicated to the memory of Blanche, wife of John of Gaunt.
1369	June	King Enrique II of Castille concludes a major naval treaty with France.
1369	11 June	John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and second son of Edward III, contracts to serve for six months in France.
1369	1 July	Philippe, Duc de Bourgogne is appointed by Charles V to lead an invasion force to England, to include 1,000 lances of his own, to be paid for from the royal treasury.
1369	9 July	Jeanne de Penthièvre cedes the viscounty of Limoges to Charles V. He secretly cedes it back to her the same day. In theory this is done to attempt to recruit lords in the region back to the French side.
1369	26 July	John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, lands at Calais, expecting Edward III to join him in a month.
1369	August	Charles V summons the Estates of the local area to meet at Rouen. The Estates support a proposal to make war, and replace the hearth tax with indirect taxes, which are high, and unpopular.
1369		Philippe, Duc de Bourgogne and his 1,000 lances are sent to oppose John of Gaunt. Philippe is under strict orders not to engage Gaunt without direct orders from King Charles V.
1369	25 August	Philippe, Duc de Bourgogne halts with his army on the Mont de Tournehem, near Ardres, within a league of John of Gaunt's encampment. There, despite his superior numbers he chooses not to attack, but to instead challenges John of Gaunt to a pitched battle. Gaunt accepts the challenge, on the condition that the ground can shall be chosen four days in advance. A committee of six knights is chosen to select the ground, but fails to come to any agreement.
1369	12 September	Failing to come to agreement about a site for a battle, and according to a chronicler, without money to further pay his troops, Philippe, Duc de Bourgogne retires, leaving John of Gaunt unopposed to pillage across Normandy.
1369		Byzantine Emperor John V comes to Rome to meet with Urban about the unification of the Eastern and Western Christian churches. The talks get hung up on matters of ritual.
1369	September	Edward III's troops, but not Edward, reinforce John of Gaunt. Philippe, Duc de Bourgogne withdraws his troops, and John of Gaunt pillages the countryside southwest as far as the Seine. His aim is apparently Harfleur, but he is unable to penetrate it's defenses, and returns to England.
1369		The Captal de Buch, who had given Charles his fealty after the battle of Cocherel, relapses. He repudiates his homage, returns the properties he was granted, and rejoins the English.
1369	October	Philippe, Duc de Bourgogne and Marguerite of Flanders are married.
1369		Sir Robert Knollys raids through Picardy.
1370
1370		Sir John Chandos dies. At Lussac, on a bridge over the Vienne, during a skirmish he is struck a blow to the blind side of his head. He dies the next day.
1370		Pope Urban V agrees that the Inquiry into the miracles of Charles of Blois should take place outside Brittany, at Angers, in Anjou.
1370	Late July	Sir Robert Knollys, with a force of 1,500 men-at-arms and 4,000 archers, departs Calais, and pillages his way across France, from Arras to Vermandois, then west towards Brittany.
1370	August	The bishop of Limoges, Jehan de Cros, convinced to it by the bribes of the Duc de Berry, changes his allegiance from Edward to Charles V surrendering the city.
1370	5 September	Pope Urban V, "sad, suffering and deeply moved", faced with rebellions abandons his attempt to restore the Papacy to Rome, and embarks on a fleet of richly appointed galleys, sent by Charles V of France, to return to Avignon.
1370	24 September	Pope Urban V dies in Avignon.
1370	End of October	Sack of Limoges. In response to the "treason" of it's bishop and people, frustrated with all the losses he has faced since Najera, and maddened by being bedridden with dropsy, Prince Edward orders an atrocity. Limoges is cruelly sacked and burned, it's fortifications are razed and more than 3,000 are slain. This is the basis for Edward's title of "the Black Prince".
1370		Following the Sack of Limoges Robert de Fiennes, Constable of France, asks to be relieved of his duties. Charles summons a Great Council to discuss the defense of the realm.
1370	2 October	Bertrand du Guesclin is appointed Constable of France.
1370	24 October	At Ponterson, in Brittany, Bertrand du Guesclin and Olivier III de Clisson sign a mutual defense agreement with each other.
1370	4 December	At Pontvallain, near Le Mans, Bertrand du Guesclin and Olivier III de Clisson attack and defeat a contingent of Robert Knolles' forces, commanded by Thomas de Grandson. [Froissart's Chronicle image (15thc. BNF, FR 2643)]
1370	December	Bertrand du Guesclin and Olivier III de Clisson attack and defeat John Cresswell, another of Knolles' commanders. du Guesclin retires to winter quarters at Saumer, de Clisson remains in the field.
1370	19 December	Pope Innocent V dies.
1370	December	Olivier III de Clisson attacks and defeats another English detachment, that was being sent to reinforce Robert Knolles. The English begin calling de Clisson 'the Butcher'.
1370	30 December	Pierre Roger de Beaufort is elected Pope, and enthoned as Gregory XI.